Age of Enlightenment.

Age of Enlightenment was an important time in history. It was in XVII and XVIII centuries.

During the Enlightenment era, science and philosophy actively developed in culture.

Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, John Locke, and Immanuel Kant were philosophers of that time.

Discoveries were made in biology, physics, and chemistry.

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Fauna.

Fauna is an animal life in a region and climate zone.

Different animals live in different places. Some appear in the cold season, and others in the warm season.

Also, Fauna is the goddess of health in Roman myths and legends.

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Ecosystem.

An ecosystem (Οικοσύστημα) or ecological system is a system with organisms. In it environment and organisms are together.

This is a part of science biology.

Ecosystems are in different climatic zones.

Plants and animals are parts of many ecosystems.

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Photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis (Φωτοσύνθεση) is a biological process. It is used by plants and other organisms.

During this process plants absorb the energy of the sun. Photosynthesis converts this energy into other forms of energy.

This is important for organisms.

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Paleontology.

Paleontology (παλαιοντολογία) is the study about life on the Earth, which existed before Holocene epoch. This word came from the Greek language παλαιός, palaios  "old", ὄν, on "creature", and λόγος, logos "study".

Science about ancient creatures has similar features with other studies. Biology, geology, and archaeology are related sciences to paleontology. 

Paleontologists are studying the history of life on our planet. Ancient fossils can tell a lot about animals and their lives.

Also, scientists study climate of that periods. Billions and millions years ago the weather was different. Ice age changed life of animals.

Paleontology helps to understand the life of dinosaurs. They lived on the Earth many years ago. Then the dinosaurs died.

This science explains evolution. Different animals have different ancestors. They could be of other size and live in other places.

Plants at that time were different, too.

Science about ancient animals studies in colleges and universities.

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Tales from childhood: The cuckoo.

 Sophie was a middle school student. On that day her class had a biology lesson. Teacher told about animals in the forest.

Children listened very carefully. The teacher told about birds.

"A cuckoo is a bird that tosses its eggs to other nests," the woman said.

Little Sophie pondered these words. Some other birds are taking care of the cuckoo chicks. And the mother leaves her cubs.

Homework was like this: watch the cuckoo and its new "family".

Sophie and her grandmother saw a large cuckoo chick and another small bird. These birds flew to them in the garden at their summer home for a week. It was interesting for little Sophie. A small bird was feeding a large cuckoo cub.

Sophie suddenly remembered how her mother had watched the TV program. Then she called one woman a "cuckoo" because she abandoned her child.

At school, Sophie talked about the cuckoo and his new "mother". It was a discovery for her. Strange things happened in life.

Anthropology.

 Anthropology is a field of study. The Greek word ánthrōpos  (ἄνθρωπος) means "human". Another Greek word lógos (λόγος) means "study". 

This science studies human behavior, human biology (βιολογία), and societies. There is a cultural anthropology.

This branch of study appeared in ancient Greece. Scientist and philosopher Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης) used this word. Anthropology studied human nature and soul.

The science of human has evolved over the centuries. In XVIII and XIX centuries, anthropology was formed. History, culture, language, and psychology are parts of anthropology.

Many scientists and philosophers did a lot of for this science. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci and Carl Linnaeus.

Also, anthropology studies primitive society and human body.

Archaeologists find various excavations.

Students study this science in colleges and universities.

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Anatomy.

Anatomy anatomē  (ἀνατομή) is a science about organisms. Ana aná (ἀνά) means "up" and témnō (τέμνω) "I cut" in a Greek language. There are different types of this science: anatomy of plants, anatomy of animals, anatomy of human. Also, anatomy is a part of biology.

This science studies about body functions, organs, and tissues. Anatomy has a long and interesting history. Scientists during many years study organisms. Leonardo da Vinci created a drawing named the Vitruvian Man.

Skeleton, muscles, bones, and vessels of the body are study by this science. School students learn anatomy with science. In the classroom may stand human skeleton or atlas with scientific words.

Anatomy is an important science. There are many interesting books, movies, and cartoons. It can be for children or students.

This difficult but need science is necessary for medicine.

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Biology.

Bio means "life" and logy means "study of" in a Greek language. This science is very important for different aspects. There are many people who study biology for their work. For example, doctors, in medicine this science is necessary.

Students start studying this subject in middle school. First they study about nature and organisms. Afterwards, children will know about cells and viruses. There are a lot of them and they are all different.

Animals and their life are part of biology, too. Scientific classification and habitat are studied by this science. Plants and flowers have own kingdoms in nature. Science about life talks about them.

The study of human body is called human anatomy. This is a separate science.

Biology has a long and interesting history. Microscopes help scientists make new discoveries. Food chains, evolutions, and genetics are part of this difficult but interesting subject.

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