Age of Enlightenment.

Age of Enlightenment was an important time in history. It was in XVII and XVIII centuries.

During the Enlightenment era, science and philosophy actively developed in culture.

Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, John Locke, and Immanuel Kant were philosophers of that time.

Discoveries were made in biology, physics, and chemistry.

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Great people: Democritus.

Democritus (Δημόκριτος) (Dēmókritos) was a philosopher in Ancient Greece. He was born c. 460 BC, in Abdera, Thrace.

Leucippus was a teacher of Democritus. They studied atomism.

Nature was his main interest.

Democritus died in c. 370 BC.

Atlantis.

Atlantis (Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος) (Atlantìs nêsos) means 'island of Atlas'. This place was called after the Titan (Τιτᾶνες) (Titán) Atlas (Ἄτλας) (Átlās).

Atlantis was a fictional island country. There are many different myths and legends about this island.

Scientists in different periods of history wrote about Atlantis. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato (Πλάτων) (Plátōn) was one of them.

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Great people: Ptolemy.

Claudius Ptolemy (Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος) (Claudius Ptolemaeus) was a scientist. He studied different fields, such as: mathematics, astronomy, astrology (ἀστρολογία), geography.

Ptolemy was born in Egypt, Roman Empire, c. 100 AD.

Claudius Ptolemy influenced science and scientists.

He died in Alexandria, Egypt, Roman Empire, c. 170 AD.

Logic.

 Logic (λογική) is a science about rules and arguments. It means "mind" in Ancient Greek language. 

Also, logic is a part of other sciences, such as: mathematics and philosophy. Many scientists study logic.

There are different logical paradoxes. This is when contradictions in meaning meet each other.

In logic, reasoning and facts are important. Everything must be provable. On this can form a personal opinion.

The science has a long and interesting history.

Logic helps to analyze and do conclusions. It happens to be necessary in different life situations.

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Paleontology.

Paleontology (παλαιοντολογία) is the study about life on the Earth, which existed before Holocene epoch. This word came from the Greek language παλαιός, palaios  "old", ὄν, on "creature", and λόγος, logos "study".

Science about ancient creatures has similar features with other studies. Biology, geology, and archaeology are related sciences to paleontology. 

Paleontologists are studying the history of life on our planet. Ancient fossils can tell a lot about animals and their lives.

Also, scientists study climate of that periods. Billions and millions years ago the weather was different. Ice age changed life of animals.

Paleontology helps to understand the life of dinosaurs. They lived on the Earth many years ago. Then the dinosaurs died.

This science explains evolution. Different animals have different ancestors. They could be of other size and live in other places.

Plants at that time were different, too.

Science about ancient animals studies in colleges and universities.

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Ice age.

 Ice age is a period in history of Earth. In that time climate changed on our planet. The temperature became lower in different places.

There were many ice ages: the Huronian (2.4-2.1 billion years ago), Cryogenian (850-635 million years ago), Andean-Saharan (460-430 million years ago), Karoo (360-260 million years ago), and Quaternary (2.6 million years ago-present).

During these periods landscapes and Earth's surface changed. Ice aged influenced many different things on our planet.

At the end of these events some animals became extinct, such as: saber-toothed cats, the mastodons, giant ground sloth, wooly mammoth, and other.

Homo sapiens appeared. Humans created new tools for survival in a cold climate. Also, ancient people developed agriculture.

Geology is a science of study ice age. Scientists named geologists study these important periods. They found plants and animals in large glaciers.

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Philosophy.

Philosophy (φιλοσοφία) is a study about knowledge and the mind. The word means "a love of wisdom" from Greek language.

Many different scientists of periods were interested in philosophy. Countries had unique views about world. Plato, Socrates, and Confucius were philosophers.

Also, philosophy created many other sciences, such as: sociology, ethics, aesthetics, psychology, and etc. People studied something with philosophical views.

This science can help make logical conclusions. Many religions have philosophical aspects.

Since ancient times people wanted to ask questions about life and the universe. Philosophical views have changed throughout history.

This science has influenced art and architecture in the countries. Philosophers wrote books, created paintings.

Students study philosophy during school lessons or in university.

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Anatomy.

Anatomy anatomē  (ἀνατομή) is a science about organisms. Ana aná (ἀνά) means "up" and témnō (τέμνω) "I cut" in a Greek language. There are different types of this science: anatomy of plants, anatomy of animals, anatomy of human. Also, anatomy is a part of biology.

This science studies about body functions, organs, and tissues. Anatomy has a long and interesting history. Scientists during many years study organisms. Leonardo da Vinci created a drawing named the Vitruvian Man.

Skeleton, muscles, bones, and vessels of the body are study by this science. School students learn anatomy with science. In the classroom may stand human skeleton or atlas with scientific words.

Anatomy is an important science. There are many interesting books, movies, and cartoons. It can be for children or students.

This difficult but need science is necessary for medicine.

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Astronomy.

Astronomy is a science about space. It studies different objects in the universe. Our Solar System, planets, stars, comets, satellites, and galazxies are studied by astronomy. Other sciences, such as: chemistry, physics, and mathematics are important for it.

Since ancient times people were interested in the sky and stars. Astronomy was studied in Ancient Greece, Egypt, and Babylon. Epoch changed and science changed, too.

Nicolasus Copernicus, Giordano Bruno, and Galileo Galilei did a lot of important things for astronomy. This difficult science started developing.

Now, scientists use telescopes for space study. New galaxies and planets are being studied nowadays. The universe is very large in it there are many different stars and planets.

Our planet is Earth. It's the third planet from the Sun. The planet situated in the Solar System. The Sun is a star. The Moon is a satellite of the Earth. Also, in the Solar System there are other planets and asteroid belt. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are planets. They are different but revolve around the Sun.

The Milky Way is a galaxy where the Solar System locate. It can be notice during a bright night.

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Biology.

Bio means "life" and logy means "study of" in a Greek language. This science is very important for different aspects. There are many people who study biology for their work. For example, doctors, in medicine this science is necessary.

Students start studying this subject in middle school. First they study about nature and organisms. Afterwards, children will know about cells and viruses. There are a lot of them and they are all different.

Animals and their life are part of biology, too. Scientific classification and habitat are studied by this science. Plants and flowers have own kingdoms in nature. Science about life talks about them.

The study of human body is called human anatomy. This is a separate science.

Biology has a long and interesting history. Microscopes help scientists make new discoveries. Food chains, evolutions, and genetics are part of this difficult but interesting subject.

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Famous people and their quotes.Part thirty nine.

                                              Galileo Galilei.

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“The Bible shows the way to go to heaven, not the way the heavens go.”

“And yet it moves.”

“All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them.”

Source of information:

https://www.biography.com/scholar/galileo

Literature. Part forty one.

                                          Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne.

This is a famous sciece fiction novel. It became classic in literature. French writer Jules Verne wrote his book in XIX century.

People noticed unusual creature in the ocean. Different mass media and scientists were interested in this monster.

Professor Pierre Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned Land decided to find this creature in the ocean. So, they appeared on the submarine named Nautilus.

Also, voyagers met there Captain Nemo or Prince Dakkar. He was captain of this submarine. Characters visited many different oceans and had a lot of adventures.

Novel was translated on many languages. There are many movies and cartoons about this story.

Physics.

Physics is one of the hardest school subjects and sciences. Therefore this subject is taught in high schools.

Some laws of phycics have been discovered in ancient times. There are complex physical formulas. Atoms and molecules are an important part of this hard science. Light and electricity work by the laws of physics.

Astronauts must know physics for their work. Ordinary people also should know that science. For example, water is a good conductor of electricity. Electrical items can not be touched by wet hands.

Famous scientists who studied physics: Aristotle, Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein. Today scientists study this science too.

Perhaps physics is more difficult than mathematics. If math is necessary to understand, for physics than physics is more difficult. There is a common subject on physics-chemestry. This science also has complicated formulas.

It was an essay about one of the most complex subjects. Next time will be another.

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