Gordian Knot (Γόρδιος δεσμός) (Nodus Gordianus) was a very difficult knot in Greek myths and legends.
Phrygia (Φρυγία) (Phrygía) was a kingdom without king. Simple man named Gordias (Γορδιάς, Γόρδιος) (Gordias, Gordius) became a king of Phrygia. He called the capital after himself: Gordion (Γόρδιον) (Górdion, Gordium). Also, Gordias created the knot.
Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot.
There is a metaphor that means solve difficult problem about the Gordian Knot.
Parmenides of Elea (Παρμενίδης ὁ Ἐλεάτης) an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Elea, Magna Graecia.
Being was his philosophy idea.
Parmenides influenced other philosophers.
Constellations are situated in the sky. These are group of stars. Constellations have different sizes. Also, the stars are arranged differently.
Some constellations were named after the characters of ancient myths and legends.
You can see many stars and constellations in the sky.
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Roman mosaic is a type of art. It appeared in Ancient Rome.
This type of art its own technology. Roman mosaic used colored stones, cobalt glass, marble, limestone, slate.
There are many art works with Roman mosaic.
This mosaic depicted the plots of ancient myths and legends. Different gods and goddesses became the heroes of the art of Roman mosaic.
There are examples of this art form in museums.
Classic is a worth style. There are different thigs which appeared many, many years ago. Or even hundreds or thousands years ago! But at the same time it's still clear and relevant.
Fashion changes with time, only the classic remains.
There are many examples of classics in art. Some paintings and books are studied at different times.
Also, the classic influence the culture.
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Romulus and Remus (Romulus et Remus) were twin brothers in Roman myths and legends. Their parents were the god Mars and Rhea Silvia.
Romulus and Remus were abandoned as babies and fed by a she-wolf. Then they were picked up and raised by shepherd named Faustulus.
The brothers had plans together.
Romulus killed Remus because he interfered with his work. Romulus built the country himself. "Rome" was named after Romulus.
So, they founded home.
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The Enruscan (Etrusci) (Etruschi) (τυρσηνοί, τυρρηνοί) civilization was located in ancient Italy territory. They were before the Romans.
This civilization had its own society, culture, kings, laws, language, arts, mythology, and etc.
The Etruscan was before the Romans. They were during Iron and Bronze Ages.
Later the Etruscan were assimilated into Romans.
This civilization had many different things. There are ceramics, statues, jewelry, cities from the Etruscan.
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The Four Great Inventions are inventions which were created in Ancient China. These things were invented in Middle Ages.
Compass is one from this list. The compass is a tool for navigation. This is what helps navigate in space. There are four cardinal directions: North, South, West, and East.
Gunpowder was invented by practice of alchemy. It’s used for fireworks. Later gunpowder spread across the world.
Paper was invented in Ancient China, too. Sheets of paper were made from silk wood fibers. It was useful for writing.
Printing was invented in this country. In Ancient China, the technique of printing images and text on wood and fabric was known. An ordinary artisan gave rise to book printing.
Many other things have been invented in China.
The Silk Road was a trade way which connected China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe in ancient time and Middle Ages. The Silk Road was used to export silk from China.
This road was opened during the Han Dynasty. It ruled from 206 B. C. to 220 A. D.
The way connected different countries of the Far East, Middle East, Middle Asia, and Europe. Also, there were small routes, such as: Mesopotamia and India subcontinent, Northern Africa through Egypt.
Silk, horses, paper, spices, jade, glassware, furs, and slaves; these good were traded on the famous road.
Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, in Ancient Greece, expanded his possessions through the Silk Road.
Also, the Royal Road routes led to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Italian explorer Marco Polo used the Silk Road to travel from Italy to China. He arrived there in 1275. Marco Polo travelled by camel overland.
He returned to Italy through the Silk Road in 1295. Marco Polo wrote a book Book of the Marvels of the World or The Travels of Marco Polo. It gave better understanding of Asian culture.
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Neolithic period or the New Stone age is a part of the Stone Age. From Ancient Greek language νέος means -new and λίθος means -stone.
During this period developed different cultures. People began to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding. Also, they used stone tools as their ancestors.
Agriculture spreads across Europe. Then ceramics appeared. People started living in society.
Neolithic influenced to Bronze Age and Iron Age. Civilizations are changed.
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The Paleolithic, also known as the Old Stone Age. This is a very ancient period in history. From Greek παλαιός means -old, λίθος means -stone.
In this period lived Neanderthals, Australopithecus, cave lions, woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses.
Early humans had their own culture. They lived in caves, hunted, fished, created different tools. Ancient people carved figures from clay and stones, cooked prey on fire, they used minerals.
At the end of the Paleolithic period, was the end of the last Ice Age.
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The Bronze Age was important for human history. People used bronze weapons and tools. Also, in this period they invented the wheel. It was about 3300 to 1200 B. C.
In the Middle East and Asia the cities appeared. Mesopotamia, Ancient Sumerians, Ancient China, Ancient Greece, and their cities were great during the Bronze Age.
Wars, trades, and government were power in this period.
Different ancient civilizations created many things in the Bronze Age. Then culture and art developed there.
The Bronze Age was ended about 1200 B. C.
Historians study this time in history. The writing was one of the invention in the Bronze Age. People used bronze and other metals.
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Paleontology (παλαιοντολογία) is the study about life on the Earth, which existed before Holocene epoch. This word came from the Greek language παλαιός, palaios "old", ὄν, on "creature", and λόγος, logos "study".
Science about ancient creatures has similar features with other studies. Biology, geology, and archaeology are related sciences to paleontology.
Paleontologists are studying the history of life on our planet. Ancient fossils can tell a lot about animals and their lives.
Also, scientists study climate of that periods. Billions and millions years ago the weather was different. Ice age changed life of animals.
Paleontology helps to understand the life of dinosaurs. They lived on the Earth many years ago. Then the dinosaurs died.
This science explains evolution. Different animals have different ancestors. They could be of other size and live in other places.
Plants at that time were different, too.
Science about ancient animals studies in colleges and universities.
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Neanderthals or Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) lived about 40,000 years ago. They were spice of humans. But Neanderthals became extinct.
They inhabited different places in Eurasia. Neandertals weren't direct descendants of modern human. These ancient people had their own look and lifestyle.
The height of Neanderthals was 160-163 centimeters. But their body parts were large. The Neanderthals lived in caves. Also, they moved to different places.
These people maybe could speak to each other. They hunted mammoths and other large animals. The Neanderthals gave birth to children.
Ancient people had their own culture, too. They wore animal skins, made fire, and tools. The Neanderthals had usual rituals.
Homo neanderthalensis had different looks. They had unique genes. The Neanderthals could mix with other spices.
But these people became extinct. There were many different reasons for this. Changing climate and rivalry with other spices are some of them.
Home sapiens had 0.3 % and 2 % genes of the Neanderthals.
Paleontologists and anthropologists study these ancient people. They found their cave drawings. There are traces of Neanderthals in Europe, Central Asia, the middle east, North Africa, and other places.
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Euclid (Εὐκλείδης) was a mathematician in ancient Greece. Euclid of Alexandria was born in mid-4th century BC.
Also, he was known as the "father of geometry". Because Euclid made many things for this science.
He lived in Alexandria. Euclid created many different works about mathematics, algebra, and geometry. There is Euclidean geometry.
Now Euclid's works studied in schools and universities.
Euclid, the Greek mathematician died in mid-3rd century BC.
Sparta (Σπάρτη) was a city-state in ancient Greece. Also, Sparta had another name Lacedaemon (Λακεδαίμων) The city-state was situated in Laconia, in south Peloponnese, on the banks of the Eurotas river.
There were their own laws, culture, architecture, military, government, society, citizens, and rules. Citizens of Sparta had rights and responsibilities.
Some aspects were different from other regions of ancient Greece. There were three groups in Sparta: the Spartans, the Helots, and the Perioeci.
Spartan boys had military education. They started since seven years. Later adult men studied in a state system. Courage, military, discipline were important for soldiers. Spartans had their own uniform. Helmet, round shield, and sword were parts of it.
But Spartan empire was fall. Army lost the war.
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