Archaeology (ἀρχαιολογία) (archaiologia) is the study about material culture. ἀρχαῖος, arkhaios, means "ancient" and -λογία, -logia, means "-logy".
Various things that archaeologists find can tell us about the past. Also, it's important to history.
Archaeology related with other science paleontology.
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Cybele (Κυβέλη) was a mother goddess in Ancient Greece. She was an adopted mother of Midas.
Similar goddesses were in other cultures, too.
Nature was the sphere of influence of Cybele.
She had related with other goddesses, such as: Rhea, Demeter, and Persephone.
Classic is a worth style. There are different thigs which appeared many, many years ago. Or even hundreds or thousands years ago! But at the same time it's still clear and relevant.
Fashion changes with time, only the classic remains.
There are many examples of classics in art. Some paintings and books are studied at different times.
Also, the classic influence the culture.
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Minos (Μίνως) was a King of Crete in Greek myths and legends. His father was Zeus, his mother was Europa.
He ruled on an island. Minos met many different characters of Greek mythology, such as: Daedalus, Poseidon, Minotaur, and etc.
King of Crete asked King Aegeus for seven boys and seven girls. they were needed for Daedalus' labyrinth, these boys and girls were eaten by the Minotaur .
Theseus, the Athenian hero, killed this creature.
Pasiphaё was Minos' wife. They had several children: Ariadne, Phaedra, Androgeus, Deucalion, Gkaucus, Catreus, Acacallis, and Xenodice.
He died in Sicily. After the death, Minos became an judge in the underworld.
This character was popular in arts and culture.
The Enruscan (Etrusci) (Etruschi) (τυρσηνοί, τυρρηνοί) civilization was located in ancient Italy territory. They were before the Romans.
This civilization had its own society, culture, kings, laws, language, arts, mythology, and etc.
The Etruscan was before the Romans. They were during Iron and Bronze Ages.
Later the Etruscan were assimilated into Romans.
This civilization had many different things. There are ceramics, statues, jewelry, cities from the Etruscan.
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The creature Sphinx (Σφίγξ) guarded Thebes (Θῆβαι), the Greek city. Typhon (Τυφῶν) and Chimera (Χίμαιρα) were her parents. Hera (Ἥρα) or Ares (Ἄρης) sent her in this place. The Sphinx had her own riddle. It sounds like this:
"Which creature has one voice and yet becomes four-footed and two-footed and three-footed?"
She killed who couldn't answer this question.
Oedipus (Οἰδίπους) solved the riddle of Sphinx.
"Person-who crawls on all fours as a baby, then walks on two feet as an adult, and then uses a walking stick during old age," he answered.
Afterwards, the creature killed herself.
Later Oedipus became the king of Thebes.
This riddle is popular in culture and art.
Neolithic period or the New Stone age is a part of the Stone Age. From Ancient Greek language νέος means -new and λίθος means -stone.
During this period developed different cultures. People began to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding. Also, they used stone tools as their ancestors.
Agriculture spreads across Europe. Then ceramics appeared. People started living in society.
Neolithic influenced to Bronze Age and Iron Age. Civilizations are changed.
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The Paleolithic, also known as the Old Stone Age. This is a very ancient period in history. From Greek παλαιός means -old, λίθος means -stone.
In this period lived Neanderthals, Australopithecus, cave lions, woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses.
Early humans had their own culture. They lived in caves, hunted, fished, created different tools. Ancient people carved figures from clay and stones, cooked prey on fire, they used minerals.
At the end of the Paleolithic period, was the end of the last Ice Age.
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Mycenae (Μυκῆναι,) is a city in Greece which was important for Greek history and culture. Many writers and artists were inspired by this place.
There are myths and legends about Mycenae. Perseus (Περσεύς), son of Zeus and Danaë, founded Mycenae. He left Argos (Άργος) and went to Tiryns (Τίρυνς). Perseus asked Cyclopes (Κύκλωπες) to build the walls with stones, which no people could lift.
The Perseid ruled Mycenae and finished with Eurytheus (Εὐρυσθεύς). He said to Heracles to perform the 12 Labours. After Eurytheus died, Atreus (Ἀτρεύς) became king of that place.
Also, Mycenae was known as city of Agamemnon (Ἀγαμέμνων). Because king Agamemnon was against Troy during the Trojan War.
Mycenae shows history of Ancient Greece. There are many buildings and monuments in it. Some of them were created in the Bronze Age. This territory was populated in the Neolithic Age.
Mycenaean civilization had its own values and participated in wars.
Mycenae fell around 1200 B. C. Later this place was destroyed.
Archeologists found many historical things in it.
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The Iron Age was a time period in human history. The Bronze Age was before it.
During this historic period people used many different iron and steel tools. Also, they made iron weapons.
Some civilizations collapsed during the Iron Age. The Mycenaean civilization in Greece were among them. Also, city Troy were destroyed. In these regions were droughts and famine.
After this time period Greece became Classical Greece. It was important time for country and its culture.
Iron tools helped people in different situations.
The Celts migrated during the Iron Age. They have left traces in many countries.
In Scandinavia the Viking Age began.
Different tribes created many artifacts during this historic periods.
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The Bronze Age was important for human history. People used bronze weapons and tools. Also, in this period they invented the wheel. It was about 3300 to 1200 B. C.
In the Middle East and Asia the cities appeared. Mesopotamia, Ancient Sumerians, Ancient China, Ancient Greece, and their cities were great during the Bronze Age.
Wars, trades, and government were power in this period.
Different ancient civilizations created many things in the Bronze Age. Then culture and art developed there.
The Bronze Age was ended about 1200 B. C.
Historians study this time in history. The writing was one of the invention in the Bronze Age. People used bronze and other metals.
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Homer (Ὅμηρος) was an author in ancient Greece. He was born in VIII century B. C. in Ionia.
Homer wrote about the Trojan War. He was the author of the Odyssey and the Iliad. Homer influenced ancient Greek literature and culture. He wrote about the warrior Achilles and the King Agamemnon.
Also, Homer was interested in philosophy.
His poems were translated many different languages.
Homer died in VIII century B. C. in Ionia.
Byzantium or Eastern Roman Empire (Imperium Romanum Orientale, Romania) (Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, Ῥωμανία) was a province in the late antiquity and early Middle Ages. Capital of Byzantium was Constantinople. This city was large.
The Byzantine Empire left after the Roman Empire.
This country had its own culture, laws, civilization, rules, and emperors. Byzantine Empire was powerful for that time.
People in this empire talked in Greek language. But they identified themselves as Romans. Their religion was Christianity.
Byzantine Empire was a wealthy country in the early medieval period. Eastern Roman Empire had its own schools and education.
This country had many wars during its history. Rulers of other counties wanted to conquer Byzantium.
Also, Byzantine Empire had many architectural works. Different churches and other buildings had their own style for Middle Ages.
But later this empire lost some parts. Empire which existed several centuries fell.
Byzantine Empire left legacy. Other countries studied this history. During Renaissance (XIV-XVII centuries) culture of Byzantium helped scientists.
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Neanderthals or Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) lived about 40,000 years ago. They were spice of humans. But Neanderthals became extinct.
They inhabited different places in Eurasia. Neandertals weren't direct descendants of modern human. These ancient people had their own look and lifestyle.
The height of Neanderthals was 160-163 centimeters. But their body parts were large. The Neanderthals lived in caves. Also, they moved to different places.
These people maybe could speak to each other. They hunted mammoths and other large animals. The Neanderthals gave birth to children.
Ancient people had their own culture, too. They wore animal skins, made fire, and tools. The Neanderthals had usual rituals.
Homo neanderthalensis had different looks. They had unique genes. The Neanderthals could mix with other spices.
But these people became extinct. There were many different reasons for this. Changing climate and rivalry with other spices are some of them.
Home sapiens had 0.3 % and 2 % genes of the Neanderthals.
Paleontologists and anthropologists study these ancient people. They found their cave drawings. There are traces of Neanderthals in Europe, Central Asia, the middle east, North Africa, and other places.
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Sparta (Σπάρτη) was a city-state in ancient Greece. Also, Sparta had another name Lacedaemon (Λακεδαίμων) The city-state was situated in Laconia, in south Peloponnese, on the banks of the Eurotas river.
There were their own laws, culture, architecture, military, government, society, citizens, and rules. Citizens of Sparta had rights and responsibilities.
Some aspects were different from other regions of ancient Greece. There were three groups in Sparta: the Spartans, the Helots, and the Perioeci.
Spartan boys had military education. They started since seven years. Later adult men studied in a state system. Courage, military, discipline were important for soldiers. Spartans had their own uniform. Helmet, round shield, and sword were parts of it.
But Spartan empire was fall. Army lost the war.
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