Allegory.

Allegory (ἀλληγορία) (allegoria) is a type of artistic literary form. This word means "veiled language, figurative" from Greek language.

It shows a specific situation in a figurative sense. An allegory is like a metaphor.

This genre is popular in various art forms, such as: poetry, prose, painting, and etc.

Allegory was at different times and in different countries.

Many authors use this artistic genre for their works.

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Etruscan civilization.

The Enruscan (Etrusci) (Etruschi) (τυρσηνοί, τυρρηνοί) civilization was located in ancient Italy territory. They were before the Romans.

This civilization had its own society, culture, kings, laws, language, arts, mythology, and etc. 

The Etruscan was before the Romans. They were during Iron and Bronze Ages.

Later the Etruscan were assimilated into Romans.

This civilization had many different things. There are ceramics, statues, jewelry, cities from the Etruscan.

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Byzantine Empire.

 Byzantium or Eastern Roman Empire (Imperium Romanum Orientale, Romania) (Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, Ῥωμανία) was a province in the late antiquity and early Middle Ages. Capital of Byzantium was Constantinople. This city was large.

The Byzantine Empire left after the Roman Empire.

This country had its own culture, laws, civilization, rules, and emperors. Byzantine Empire was powerful for that time.

People in this empire talked in Greek language. But they identified themselves as Romans. Their religion was Christianity.

Byzantine Empire was a wealthy country in the early medieval period. Eastern Roman Empire had its own schools and education.

This country had many wars during its history. Rulers of other counties wanted to conquer Byzantium.

Also, Byzantine Empire had many architectural works. Different churches and other buildings had their  own style for Middle Ages.

But later this empire lost some parts. Empire which existed several centuries fell.

Byzantine Empire left legacy. Other countries studied this history. During Renaissance (XIV-XVII centuries) culture of Byzantium helped scientists.

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Philosophy.

Philosophy (φιλοσοφία) is a study about knowledge and the mind. The word means "a love of wisdom" from Greek language.

Many different scientists of periods were interested in philosophy. Countries had unique views about world. Plato, Socrates, and Confucius were philosophers.

Also, philosophy created many other sciences, such as: sociology, ethics, aesthetics, psychology, and etc. People studied something with philosophical views.

This science can help make logical conclusions. Many religions have philosophical aspects.

Since ancient times people wanted to ask questions about life and the universe. Philosophical views have changed throughout history.

This science has influenced art and architecture in the countries. Philosophers wrote books, created paintings.

Students study philosophy during school lessons or in university.

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Anatomy.

Anatomy anatomē  (ἀνατομή) is a science about organisms. Ana aná (ἀνά) means "up" and témnō (τέμνω) "I cut" in a Greek language. There are different types of this science: anatomy of plants, anatomy of animals, anatomy of human. Also, anatomy is a part of biology.

This science studies about body functions, organs, and tissues. Anatomy has a long and interesting history. Scientists during many years study organisms. Leonardo da Vinci created a drawing named the Vitruvian Man.

Skeleton, muscles, bones, and vessels of the body are study by this science. School students learn anatomy with science. In the classroom may stand human skeleton or atlas with scientific words.

Anatomy is an important science. There are many interesting books, movies, and cartoons. It can be for children or students.

This difficult but need science is necessary for medicine.

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Biology.

Bio means "life" and logy means "study of" in a Greek language. This science is very important for different aspects. There are many people who study biology for their work. For example, doctors, in medicine this science is necessary.

Students start studying this subject in middle school. First they study about nature and organisms. Afterwards, children will know about cells and viruses. There are a lot of them and they are all different.

Animals and their life are part of biology, too. Scientific classification and habitat are studied by this science. Plants and flowers have own kingdoms in nature. Science about life talks about them.

The study of human body is called human anatomy. This is a separate science.

Biology has a long and interesting history. Microscopes help scientists make new discoveries. Food chains, evolutions, and genetics are part of this difficult but interesting subject.

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Liechtenstein.

Liechtenstein is a European country. It situated between Switzerland and Astria. Vaduz is a capital of Principality of Leichtenstein. Official language is German.

This country has its own government and history. Area of Liechtenstein is 160 km2. The Alps are situated in this European country. Also, there are forests and fields. Principality of Liechtenstein has a temperate climate.

European microstate had own symbols, such as: flag, anthem, and emblem. Liechtenstein has its own culture. Castles and music are part of it.

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History of Monaco.

Monaco is situated in Western Europe. Contry borders with France. Also, French is the official language in Monaco.

Constitutonal monarchy is a type of government in this country. American actress Grace Kelly was a princess there.

Now Principality of Monaco has popular places.

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Vikings.

Vikings were people who lived in Scandinavian Peninsula. They had their own culture, mythology, religions, travels, language, literature, and laws.

In VII-XI centuries these people had period known as the Viking Age (793-1066 A. D.). Viking had their own famous boats. Other countries wrote about Vikings.

People did voyages to neighbourhood countries. During wars Vikings used weapons.

After this period in Scandinavian Peninsula new countries appeared. But Vikings and their culture were important. Historians found statues of gods, helmets, maps, architecture, and etc.

Some of historic things are in museums. People can look at them.

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Aztecs.

Aztecs lived in central Mexico. They created an empire.

This country had its own military, laws, society, calendar, language (Nahault), city-states, government, writing, mythology, and etc. It was during Pre-Columbian era.

Aztec civilization timeline: the first tribes appeared (1100 C. E. -1200 C. E.), this civilizzation became development (c. 1345 C. E.-1521 C. E.), the Aztec capital of Tenochtirlan on Lake Texcoco was founded (1345 C. E.), the Tarascan civilization flourished in Mesoamerica (1350 C. E.-1522 C. E.), New Fire ceremony celebrated by the Aztecs (1351 C. E.), Acamapichtli ruled as leader of the Aztecs (1375 C. E.-1395 C. E.), Huitzilopochtli reigned as leader of the Aztec empire (1396 C. E.-1417 C. E.), Chimalpopoca ruled as leader of the Aztec empire (1417 C. E.-1426 C. E.).

This ancient country is still study by historians.

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Tales from childhood: Caroline's new life.

Caroline must soon go to school. Her mother decided to take her to a special school. Caroline started a new language.

Sophie's cousin was mute. So, she was ready for special school. Sophie and her frineds often supported Caroline.

Grandmother knew this language. Sophie and Natalie studied it together. Friends tried to help poor Caroline in hard situations.

Maya civilization.

Maya civilization was situated in Central America. This country had its own history and cities. Writing, language, arts, religion, and architecture were important for them.

Timeline of Maya civilization: Archaic (8000 B. C.-2000 B. C.), Early Preclassic (2000 B. C.-1000 B. C.), Middle Preclassic (1000 B. C.-400 B. C.), Late Preclassic (400 B. C.-100 A. D.), Terminal Preclassic (100 A. D.-250 A. D.), Preclassic Collapse, Classic Period (c. 250-900 A. D.), Classic Maya Collapse, Postclassic period (c. 950-1539 A. D.).

During this time country did a lot of things. The Maya people invented calendar. Also, they built pyramids.

Civilization had sales with each other and neighbourhood countries. Like all ancient civilizations Maya had unique culture, such as: laws, society, pottery, mythology, astronomy, goverment.

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Famous people and their quotes. Part twenty two.

                                            Ludwig van Beethoven.

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“Recommend to your children virtues that alone can make them happy. Not gold.”

“Never shall I forget the time I spent with you. Please continue to be my friend, as you will always find me yours.”

“Music is the mediator between the spiritual and sensual life.”

“To play without passion is inexcusable!”

“Don't only practice your art, but force your way into it's secrets, for it and knowledge can raise men to the divine.”

“Love demands all and has a right to all.”

“Anyone who tells a lie has not a pure heart and cannot make good soup.”

Source of information:

https://www.biography.com/people/ludwig-van-beethoven-9204862

Sumer.

Sumer was one of the first civilizations in history. It was located in southern Mesopotamia. The period of this country was from Neolithic to Bronze Age (c. 4500-1900 B. C.).

The Sumerians had their own language, art, literature, religion, and architecture. Tigris and Euphrates rivers were very important for it.

Also, Sumer had it's own timeline: Early Dynastic Period (c. 2900-2350 B. C.), Kish (c. 3100 B. C.), Uruk (4000-3200 B. C.), Ur (c. 3800 B. C.), Awan Dynasty (c. 2500 B. C.).

Different cities, kings, people, and empires were important for history of Mesopotamia. Laws and education were similar to the modern ones. Statues, temples, palaces, culture, dishes, and writing still cause a lot of questions.

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Literature. Part thirty five.

                                     The Canterville Ghost by Oscar Wilde.

American ambassador Mr. Otis and his family arrived at a castle. The Otis family included Mr. and Mrs. Otis, the son Washington, the daughter Virginia, and the twins.

Not everyone believed in the ghost. But the strange things happened in the castle. Somebody thundered with chains. A red stain appeared on the floor.

Little Virginia wanted to meet the Canterville ghost. She disappeared in one day. All the members of the family looked for her but... Virginia appeared with jewels that were given to her by the ghost.

There are many movies, catoons, and theatrical plays about this novella. Book was translated in different languages.

Assyria.

Assyria was a kingdom in Mesopotamia. Its capital was Assur city. Style of government was monarchy. One of official language was Sumerian. People believed in Mesopotamian gods.

There were many different periods in this country. Early Period (2600-2025 B. C.), Old Assyrian Empire (911-605 B. C.), Middle Assyrian Empire (1392-934 B. C.), Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-605 B. C.).

Each of them were very important for history. A lot of events happened in Assyria.

Ashurbanipal was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (668-627 B. C.). He did a lot of things for his country. Ashurbanipal influenced military, arts, culture, literature.

Library of Ashurbanipal was a beautiful palace with clay tablets. Ancient legends and laws of country there archieved. Even after a fire during a war some clay tablets were saved.

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Phoenicia.

Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the Mediterranean Sea. Name of this country is translated from the Ancient Greek language as the "land of palm trees".

Country had its own important things for history. For example, in 334 B.C.E. Alexander the Great came in Phoenicia and conquered Baalbek.

Also, civilization had kings and cities. Ahiram (c. 1000), Hiram I (969-936 B. C.), Pygmalion of Tyre (820-774 B. C.). People in Phoenicia had Phoenician and Punic languages. Canaanite was the religion in this country.

Ancient civilization had trades with other ancient countries, such as: Egypt and Greece.

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Great people: William Shakespeare.

William Shakespeare was born on April 26, 1564, in England. His parents were John Shakespeare and Mary Arden.

In London William started writing. Also, he pursued a theatrical career. William Shakespeare was very influential for the world literature and English language.

Writer wrote many famous works such as: Romeo and Juliet, Otello, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (Hamlet).

His most frequent genres were drama and tragedy. Shakespeare's works are important for theatre, too. Also, he wrote plays and poems. Some characters became classic.

William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway and they had three children. He died on April 23, 1616, in England.

Famous people and their quotes. Part fifteen.

                                                          Christopher Columbus.

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“They say that there is in that land an infinite amount of gold, and that the people wear corals on their heads and very large bracelets of coral on their feet and arms; and that with coral they adorn and inlay chairs and chests and tables.”

“Our Almighty God has shown me the highest favor, which, since David, he has not shown to anybody.”

“I have now seen so much irregularity, that I have come to another conclusion respecting the earth, namely, that it is not round as they describe, but of the form of a pear.”

“I ought to be judged as a captain sent from Spain to the Indies, to conquer a nation numerous and warlike, with customs and religions altogether different to ours.”

“Speaking of myself, little profit had I won from twenty years of service, during which I have served with so great labors and perils, for today I have no roof over my head in Castile; if I wish to sleep or eat, I have no place to which to go, save an inn or tavern, and most often I lack the wherewithal to pay the score.”

“This island and all the others are very fertile to a limitless degree, and this island is extremely so. In it there are many harbors on the coast of the sea, beyond comparison with others that I know in Christendom, and many rivers, good and large, which is marvellous.”

“I went to sea from the most tender age and have continued in a sea life to this day. Whoever gives himself up to this art wants to know the secrets of Nature here below. It is more than forty years that I have been thus engaged. Wherever any one has sailed, there I have sailed.”

Source of information:

https://www.biography.com/people/christopher-columbus-9254209

Mesopotamia.

Mesopotamia was situated on the Tigris and Ephrates rivers. Babylon was the most famous city in this country.

Great civilization was here since ancient times. Two rivers were very important for people in Mesopotamia. Also, Tigris and Ephrates have related with Persian Gulf.

Ancient Mesopotamia was translated as "Land Between the Rivers".

Mesopotamia as other ancient civilization had important history periods such as: The first city-states gradually develop (C. 500-3500 B. C.), Writing begins to be developed (C. 3500), King Sargan of Akkad conquered the first empire in history (C. 2300), the city of Ur becomes the Centre of a powerful Mesopotamian state (C. 2100), King Hammurabi of Babylon conquers a large empire (1792-49), Babylonia is conquered by the Kassites (C. 1530), the Mitanni conquer northern Mesopotamia (C. 1500).

Country had own laws, language, culture, and kings.

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