Etruscan civilization.

The Enruscan (Etrusci) (Etruschi) (τυρσηνοί, τυρρηνοί) civilization was located in ancient Italy territory. They were before the Romans.

This civilization had its own society, culture, kings, laws, language, arts, mythology, and etc. 

The Etruscan was before the Romans. They were during Iron and Bronze Ages.

Later the Etruscan were assimilated into Romans.

This civilization had many different things. There are ceramics, statues, jewelry, cities from the Etruscan.

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Neolithic.

 Neolithic period or the New Stone age is a part of the Stone Age. From Ancient Greek language νέος means -new and λίθος means -stone.

During this period developed different cultures. People began to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding. Also, they used stone tools as their ancestors.

Agriculture spreads across Europe. Then ceramics appeared. People started living in society.

Neolithic influenced to Bronze Age and Iron Age. Civilizations are changed.

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Mycenae.

 Mycenae (Μυκῆναι,) is a city in Greece which was important for Greek history and culture. Many writers and artists were inspired by this place.

There are myths and legends about Mycenae. Perseus (Περσεύς), son of Zeus and Danaë, founded Mycenae. He left Argos (Άργος) and went to Tiryns (Τίρυνς). Perseus asked Cyclopes (Κύκλωπες) to build the walls with stones, which no people could lift.

The Perseid ruled Mycenae and finished with Eurytheus (Εὐρυσθεύς). He said to Heracles to perform the 12 Labours. After Eurytheus died, Atreus (Ἀτρεύς) became king of that place.

Also, Mycenae was known as city of Agamemnon (Ἀγαμέμνων). Because king Agamemnon was against Troy during the Trojan War.

Mycenae shows history of Ancient Greece. There are many buildings and monuments in it. Some of them were created in the Bronze Age. This territory was populated in the Neolithic Age.

Mycenaean civilization had its own values and participated in wars.

Mycenae fell around 1200 B. C. Later this place was destroyed.

Archeologists found many historical things in it.

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Iron Age.

 The Iron Age was a time period in human history. The Bronze Age was before it.

During this historic period people used many different iron and steel tools. Also, they made iron weapons.

Some civilizations collapsed during the Iron Age. The Mycenaean civilization in Greece were among them. Also, city Troy were destroyed. In these regions were droughts and famine.

After this time period Greece became Classical Greece. It was important time for country and its culture.

Iron tools helped people in different situations.

The Celts migrated during the Iron Age. They have left traces in many countries.

In Scandinavia the Viking Age began.

Different tribes created many artifacts during this historic periods.

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Bronze Age.

 The Bronze Age was important for human history. People used bronze weapons and tools. Also, in this period they invented the wheel. It was about 3300 to 1200 B. C.

In the Middle East and Asia the cities appeared. Mesopotamia, Ancient Sumerians, Ancient China, Ancient Greece, and their cities were great during the Bronze Age.

Wars, trades, and government were power in this period.

Different ancient civilizations created many things in the Bronze Age. Then culture and art developed there.

The Bronze Age was ended about 1200 B. C.

Historians study this time in history. The writing was one of the invention in the Bronze Age. People used bronze and other metals.

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Celts.

Celts were people who lived in Central and Western Europe. They had relationships with other civilizations, too.

These people visited neighboring places. Also, Celts had their own arts, mythology, culture, religion, laws, rules, and languages.

Timeline of Celts: beginning of Celtic culture (c. 1400 B. C. E.), Celts migrated (c. 900 B. C. E.), Iron age (c. B. C. E.-c. 600 B. C. E.), Celts settled in Iberia (600 B. C. E.), Celts defeated the Etruscans (c. 475 B. C. E.), La Tene culture (c. 450 B. C. E.), Celts entered in Italy (400 B. C. E.).

Some names of cities and countries had come from Celts. There are many things in museums about this civilization. Historians study Celtic history.

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Aztecs.

Aztecs lived in central Mexico. They created an empire.

This country had its own military, laws, society, calendar, language (Nahault), city-states, government, writing, mythology, and etc. It was during Pre-Columbian era.

Aztec civilization timeline: the first tribes appeared (1100 C. E. -1200 C. E.), this civilizzation became development (c. 1345 C. E.-1521 C. E.), the Aztec capital of Tenochtirlan on Lake Texcoco was founded (1345 C. E.), the Tarascan civilization flourished in Mesoamerica (1350 C. E.-1522 C. E.), New Fire ceremony celebrated by the Aztecs (1351 C. E.), Acamapichtli ruled as leader of the Aztecs (1375 C. E.-1395 C. E.), Huitzilopochtli reigned as leader of the Aztec empire (1396 C. E.-1417 C. E.), Chimalpopoca ruled as leader of the Aztec empire (1417 C. E.-1426 C. E.).

This ancient country is still study by historians.

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Inca Empire.

This civilization was situated in South America. Also, Inca Empire was the biggest country in pre-Columbian America. About XI-XVI centuries people had their own laws and rules.

The Inca called their country as Tawantinsuyu in Quechua language. Timeline of Inca Empire: The Inca tribe founded the city of Cuzco (1200 A. D.), people lived in the city of Cuzco (1200-1400 A. D.), Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui became the leader of Inca, he built the city of Machu Picchu (1438 A. D.), Pachacuti's son, named Tupac Inca Yupanui, became an emperor (1471 A. D.), Emperor Tupac won the Chuma Empire and their lands (1476 A. D.), Tupac's son, Huayna Capac, became an emperor (1493 A. D.).

Empire had its own army, religion, architecture, mythology, languages, economy, and government.

Some of it is still studied by historians.

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Maya civilization.

Maya civilization was situated in Central America. This country had its own history and cities. Writing, language, arts, religion, and architecture were important for them.

Timeline of Maya civilization: Archaic (8000 B. C.-2000 B. C.), Early Preclassic (2000 B. C.-1000 B. C.), Middle Preclassic (1000 B. C.-400 B. C.), Late Preclassic (400 B. C.-100 A. D.), Terminal Preclassic (100 A. D.-250 A. D.), Preclassic Collapse, Classic Period (c. 250-900 A. D.), Classic Maya Collapse, Postclassic period (c. 950-1539 A. D.).

During this time country did a lot of things. The Maya people invented calendar. Also, they built pyramids.

Civilization had sales with each other and neighbourhood countries. Like all ancient civilizations Maya had unique culture, such as: laws, society, pottery, mythology, astronomy, goverment.

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Sumer.

Sumer was one of the first civilizations in history. It was located in southern Mesopotamia. The period of this country was from Neolithic to Bronze Age (c. 4500-1900 B. C.).

The Sumerians had their own language, art, literature, religion, and architecture. Tigris and Euphrates rivers were very important for it.

Also, Sumer had it's own timeline: Early Dynastic Period (c. 2900-2350 B. C.), Kish (c. 3100 B. C.), Uruk (4000-3200 B. C.), Ur (c. 3800 B. C.), Awan Dynasty (c. 2500 B. C.).

Different cities, kings, people, and empires were important for history of Mesopotamia. Laws and education were similar to the modern ones. Statues, temples, palaces, culture, dishes, and writing still cause a lot of questions.

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Assyria.

Assyria was a kingdom in Mesopotamia. Its capital was Assur city. Style of government was monarchy. One of official language was Sumerian. People believed in Mesopotamian gods.

There were many different periods in this country. Early Period (2600-2025 B. C.), Old Assyrian Empire (911-605 B. C.), Middle Assyrian Empire (1392-934 B. C.), Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-605 B. C.).

Each of them were very important for history. A lot of events happened in Assyria.

Ashurbanipal was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (668-627 B. C.). He did a lot of things for his country. Ashurbanipal influenced military, arts, culture, literature.

Library of Ashurbanipal was a beautiful palace with clay tablets. Ancient legends and laws of country there archieved. Even after a fire during a war some clay tablets were saved.

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Babylonia.

Babylonia was situated in southern Mesopotamia. The ancient civilization appeared in 1894 B. C.

There were many important periods in Babylonia. First Babylinian Dynasty (1894-1595 B. C.), Kassite Dynasty (1595-1155 B. C.), Early Iron Age-Native Rule, Second Dynasty of Isin (1155-1026 B. C.), Period of Chaos (1026-911 B. C.), Assyrian rule (911-619 B. C.).

People in Babylonia had their own kings and laws. King Hammurabi ruled (1792-1750 B. C.) and created many laws in this country (known as Code of Hammurabi). They were very different.

Also, Babylonia had its own gods, arts, culture, and architecture.

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Phoenicia.

Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the Mediterranean Sea. Name of this country is translated from the Ancient Greek language as the "land of palm trees".

Country had its own important things for history. For example, in 334 B.C.E. Alexander the Great came in Phoenicia and conquered Baalbek.

Also, civilization had kings and cities. Ahiram (c. 1000), Hiram I (969-936 B. C.), Pygmalion of Tyre (820-774 B. C.). People in Phoenicia had Phoenician and Punic languages. Canaanite was the religion in this country.

Ancient civilization had trades with other ancient countries, such as: Egypt and Greece.

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Ancient India.

India had an old history and culture. Warm climate allowed development for early civilization. Many important things were invented in Ancient India: numbers, chess, buttons, ruler, some medicine, shampoo.

Also, country had periods such as: Indus Valley civilization appeared (c. 2800 B. C.), Indus Valley civilization vanished (c. 1700 B. C.), Tribes entered into India from central Asia (c. 1500 B. C.), iron and alphabetic writing appeared in northern India (c. 800 B. C.), Buddhism and Jainism are founded (c. 500 B. C.), Alexander, the Great conquered the Indus Valley (327 B. C.), Bindusara, extended the Mauryan conquered into the central India (290 B. C.), Asoke became the Mauryan emperor (269 B. C.), a mission by Mahinda, introduced Baddhism to the island of Sri Lanka (251 B. C.).

Science was popular in Ancient India. Mathematics and astronomy were known in the country. Philosophy still studied by modern people.

Pictures and sculptures of Gods were famous in ancient civilization.

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Mesopotamia.

Mesopotamia was situated on the Tigris and Ephrates rivers. Babylon was the most famous city in this country.

Great civilization was here since ancient times. Two rivers were very important for people in Mesopotamia. Also, Tigris and Ephrates have related with Persian Gulf.

Ancient Mesopotamia was translated as "Land Between the Rivers".

Mesopotamia as other ancient civilization had important history periods such as: The first city-states gradually develop (C. 500-3500 B. C.), Writing begins to be developed (C. 3500), King Sargan of Akkad conquered the first empire in history (C. 2300), the city of Ur becomes the Centre of a powerful Mesopotamian state (C. 2100), King Hammurabi of Babylon conquers a large empire (1792-49), Babylonia is conquered by the Kassites (C. 1530), the Mitanni conquer northern Mesopotamia (C. 1500).

Country had own laws, language, culture, and kings.

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Ancient Egypt.

Ancient Egypt was a great civilization in ancient times. This country had several important periods such as: Predynastic Period (C. 5000-3100 B. C.), Archaic Period (C. 3100-2686 B.C.), Old Kingdom (C. 2686-2181 B.C.), First Intermediate Period (2181-1991 B.C.), Middle Kingdom (C. 2055-1786 B.C.), Second Intermediate Period (1674-1549 B. C.), New Kingdom (C. 1567-1085 B. C.), Third Intermediate Period (C. 1085-664 B. C.), Late Period to Alexander's Conquest (C. 664-332 B. C.).

Each of this time is very important for our history. For example, during Old Kingdom of Egypt (C. 2686-2181 B. C.) people built Egyptian pyramids. Its the first and one of the seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Many tourists visit Egypt for this structures.

River Nile was very important for people of Egypt. Their Gods and mythology related with this river.

Pharaohs ruled this country. Wars with other ancient civilizations accrued.

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Middle Ages.

Middle Ages (Medieval) was one of the hard periods in human history. In Europe, people forgot many important things such as science, civilization, washing, and etc.

Medieval period was during the fifth to fifteenth centuries. The New World still wasn't opened, Africa and Asia were first expericing civilization.

In this hard time, religion appeared. People began to believe in one God instead of many. Artists painted pictures and icons with new saints.

Also, during Middle Ages, people expericed a terrible disease. The bubonic plague called the "Black Death". This horrible ill killed several million people.

Church was very important for medieval people. They did everything to live in heaven. People didn't notice things which happened around.

In Middle Ages human survived crisis. It took several years to recover.

P.S. After Medieval period, began a new part of human history. But I will tell you about it next time.

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