Constantinople.

 Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις) (Constantinopolis) was the capital of the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Roman Empire in different periods.

In ancient times this place was a port city. Because Byzas from the Greek city of Megara created a settlement on the strait of Bosporus. On the strait the Mediterranean Seas and the Black Sea connected. He was the legendary founder of this city.

Later there were many rulers who controlled Constantinople. The Spartans, Athenians, Macedonians, and Persians fought for power.

Emperor Constantine I made a capital at Byzantium called "New Rome".

The Hagia Sophia is a famous architectural design work. This church was built by Justinian I. About six years 10, 000 workers created this building.

Constantinople saw different rulers and events. People with many religions visited this city.

In XIII century, Constantinople fell. It was in April 1204.

But this city kepts its history and buildings.

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Byzantine Empire.

 Byzantium or Eastern Roman Empire (Imperium Romanum Orientale, Romania) (Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, Ῥωμανία) was a province in the late antiquity and early Middle Ages. Capital of Byzantium was Constantinople. This city was large.

The Byzantine Empire left after the Roman Empire.

This country had its own culture, laws, civilization, rules, and emperors. Byzantine Empire was powerful for that time.

People in this empire talked in Greek language. But they identified themselves as Romans. Their religion was Christianity.

Byzantine Empire was a wealthy country in the early medieval period. Eastern Roman Empire had its own schools and education.

This country had many wars during its history. Rulers of other counties wanted to conquer Byzantium.

Also, Byzantine Empire had many architectural works. Different churches and other buildings had their  own style for Middle Ages.

But later this empire lost some parts. Empire which existed several centuries fell.

Byzantine Empire left legacy. Other countries studied this history. During Renaissance (XIV-XVII centuries) culture of Byzantium helped scientists.

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Sociology.

Sociology (Latin language socius means "companion" and Greek language λόγος means "knowledge") is an important field of study. This science is about society and life. People and their cultures are crucial for society.

Psychology, philosophy, and anthropology are related to sociology science. Relationships and human behavior are studied by sociology.

There are different social classes, periods, and religions. These things are studied in colleges and universities.

Many factors and events influenced sociology. People have different opinions towards different periods. Also, location affects society and people.

Problems and their solutions are part of sociology, too. Every person can say their own opinion about something or somebody.

Lifestyle is one form of this study. Thoughts, work, hobby, emotions, and health are important for it.

Economy and science about society are related. Fashion and different events can influence people.

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Telesphorus.

Telesphorus (Τελεσφόρος) means "accomplisher". He was a god of convalescence in Greek religion. Also, he was a dwarf. Telesphorus wore a cap on his head.

His father Asclepius was a god of medicine in Ancient Greece. Hygieia, goddess of health, was his sister. Telesphorus accompanied her.

He had his own temple in Anatolia. There are many paintings and statues about this god.

Philosophy.

Philosophy (φιλοσοφία) is a study about knowledge and the mind. The word means "a love of wisdom" from Greek language.

Many different scientists of periods were interested in philosophy. Countries had unique views about world. Plato, Socrates, and Confucius were philosophers.

Also, philosophy created many other sciences, such as: sociology, ethics, aesthetics, psychology, and etc. People studied something with philosophical views.

This science can help make logical conclusions. Many religions have philosophical aspects.

Since ancient times people wanted to ask questions about life and the universe. Philosophical views have changed throughout history.

This science has influenced art and architecture in the countries. Philosophers wrote books, created paintings.

Students study philosophy during school lessons or in university.

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Great people: Raphael.

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino was born on April 6, 1483, in Italy. His parents died when he was a child.

Raphael was known as an Italian artist and architect. He created many famous paintings, such as: Portrait of a Man (1502), Madonna and Child with the Book (1503), Self-Portrait (1503), the Conestabile Madonna (1504), Three Graces (1504).

The artist works were important for the Renaissance period. Raffaello Santi drew different people.

His paint the Sistine Madonna (1512) is one of the most popular works in the world.

Raphael Santi died on April 6, 1520, in Rome, Italy.

Celts.

Celts were people who lived in Central and Western Europe. They had relationships with other civilizations, too.

These people visited neighboring places. Also, Celts had their own arts, mythology, culture, religion, laws, rules, and languages.

Timeline of Celts: beginning of Celtic culture (c. 1400 B. C. E.), Celts migrated (c. 900 B. C. E.), Iron age (c. B. C. E.-c. 600 B. C. E.), Celts settled in Iberia (600 B. C. E.), Celts defeated the Etruscans (c. 475 B. C. E.), La Tene culture (c. 450 B. C. E.), Celts entered in Italy (400 B. C. E.).

Some names of cities and countries had come from Celts. There are many things in museums about this civilization. Historians study Celtic history.

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Inca Empire.

This civilization was situated in South America. Also, Inca Empire was the biggest country in pre-Columbian America. About XI-XVI centuries people had their own laws and rules.

The Inca called their country as Tawantinsuyu in Quechua language. Timeline of Inca Empire: The Inca tribe founded the city of Cuzco (1200 A. D.), people lived in the city of Cuzco (1200-1400 A. D.), Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui became the leader of Inca, he built the city of Machu Picchu (1438 A. D.), Pachacuti's son, named Tupac Inca Yupanui, became an emperor (1471 A. D.), Emperor Tupac won the Chuma Empire and their lands (1476 A. D.), Tupac's son, Huayna Capac, became an emperor (1493 A. D.).

Empire had its own army, religion, architecture, mythology, languages, economy, and government.

Some of it is still studied by historians.

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Maya civilization.

Maya civilization was situated in Central America. This country had its own history and cities. Writing, language, arts, religion, and architecture were important for them.

Timeline of Maya civilization: Archaic (8000 B. C.-2000 B. C.), Early Preclassic (2000 B. C.-1000 B. C.), Middle Preclassic (1000 B. C.-400 B. C.), Late Preclassic (400 B. C.-100 A. D.), Terminal Preclassic (100 A. D.-250 A. D.), Preclassic Collapse, Classic Period (c. 250-900 A. D.), Classic Maya Collapse, Postclassic period (c. 950-1539 A. D.).

During this time country did a lot of things. The Maya people invented calendar. Also, they built pyramids.

Civilization had sales with each other and neighbourhood countries. Like all ancient civilizations Maya had unique culture, such as: laws, society, pottery, mythology, astronomy, goverment.

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Sumer.

Sumer was one of the first civilizations in history. It was located in southern Mesopotamia. The period of this country was from Neolithic to Bronze Age (c. 4500-1900 B. C.).

The Sumerians had their own language, art, literature, religion, and architecture. Tigris and Euphrates rivers were very important for it.

Also, Sumer had it's own timeline: Early Dynastic Period (c. 2900-2350 B. C.), Kish (c. 3100 B. C.), Uruk (4000-3200 B. C.), Ur (c. 3800 B. C.), Awan Dynasty (c. 2500 B. C.).

Different cities, kings, people, and empires were important for history of Mesopotamia. Laws and education were similar to the modern ones. Statues, temples, palaces, culture, dishes, and writing still cause a lot of questions.

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Phoenicia.

Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the Mediterranean Sea. Name of this country is translated from the Ancient Greek language as the "land of palm trees".

Country had its own important things for history. For example, in 334 B.C.E. Alexander the Great came in Phoenicia and conquered Baalbek.

Also, civilization had kings and cities. Ahiram (c. 1000), Hiram I (969-936 B. C.), Pygmalion of Tyre (820-774 B. C.). People in Phoenicia had Phoenician and Punic languages. Canaanite was the religion in this country.

Ancient civilization had trades with other ancient countries, such as: Egypt and Greece.

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St. Patrick's Day.

Saint Patrick was born in Britain at the end of the IV century A.D. When Patrick was sixteen-years-old, Irish pirates, captured and turned him into a slave, in Ireland. Also, Patrick became a bishop and spread Christianity. He died on March 17.

So, on this day people around the world celebrate St. Patrick's Day. Many families go to church. There are many icons with Patrick.

Green color is a symbol of this of this religious holiday. Many parades appear in cities around the world.

For men and boys named Patrick March 17 is an Angel Day.

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Middle Ages.

Middle Ages (Medieval) was one of the hard periods in human history. In Europe, people forgot many important things such as science, civilization, washing, and etc.

Medieval period was during the fifth to fifteenth centuries. The New World still wasn't opened, Africa and Asia were first expericing civilization.

In this hard time, religion appeared. People began to believe in one God instead of many. Artists painted pictures and icons with new saints.

Also, during Middle Ages, people expericed a terrible disease. The bubonic plague called the "Black Death". This horrible ill killed several million people.

Church was very important for medieval people. They did everything to live in heaven. People didn't notice things which happened around.

In Middle Ages human survived crisis. It took several years to recover.

P.S. After Medieval period, began a new part of human history. But I will tell you about it next time.

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Ancient Rome.

Ancient Rome was one of the great civilizations in Ancient History. It was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus. The legend says these twin brothers were fed by a she-wolf.

Official language in Ancient Rome was a Latin. Now it is used in science. For example, medicine, and mathematics. The country contained central and South Europe and part of North Africa.

In Ancient Rome, people believed in many different Gods. Roman religion has similar things with Greek but is still different.

Ancient country participated in Punic Wars. Roman soldiers had special clothes for it.

Rome had own laws, system of education, family customs, cuisine, and etc. Some of them still exist in our life.

In Ancient times Rome was a big and great country. Today Rome is the capital of Italy. The name was left for European city. This is studied by archeologists and students. Because it's very interesting!

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Ancient Greece.

Ancient Greece was one of the most great civilization in Ancient History. It was since III thousand B.C. until I century A.D.

In ancient country many different types of sciences, politics, laws, slavery, religion, theatre were developed. Many of them are still studied in schools. Example, Greek mathematician Pythagoras created Pythagorean theorem.

Relogion for the Greek was important. They believed in many different Gods. These myths and legends are studied in schools now. Also, people making cartoons and films. Ancient Greek mythology is one of the most interesting mythologies.

Also Greece is the Motherland of Olympic Games. There were Olympic Games long before modern. They were different.

Many theatrical genres come from Ancient Greece.

Life in Ancient Greece was easier than in Middle Ages. But when it was. It's very important for world history.

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