Great people: J. M. Barrie.

Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, was born on May 9, 1860, in Angus, Scotland. He was a writer.

Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up was J. M. Barrie's famous work. This novel was translated to many languages.

James Matthew Barrie had a wife.

He died on June 19, 1937, in London, England.

Blackletter.

Blackletter or Gothic script was a writing style which was used in Europe in the Middle Ages. During that time blackletter was popular.

This type of writing has its own variations.

Various texts and books were written in this font. Also, the Gothic script was written in different languages.

This font can be found on various historical places.

Blackletter has related types of writing, too.

Literature. Part seventy seven.

                     The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Hamlet by William Shakespeare. 

This tragedy was written in 1601. Shakespeare created his famous work in a play. The Hamlet became popular.

Events take place in Denmark. There are several characters: Hamlet, Claudius, Gertrude, Polonius, Ophelia, Osric, ghost of Hamlet’s father.

People experience different moments. The theme of death is touched upon.

The tragedy was translated to many languages. There are many illustrations about this play. This story was told in theatric productions.

Source of image:

https://www.istockphoto.com/es/vector/actor-hombre-traje-medieval-teatro-tr%C3%A1gico-cortinas-escenario-historieta-car%C3%A1cter-gm1028259084-275645093

Literature. Part seventy one.

                                "The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep" by Hans Christian Andersen.

Once upon a time there were two porcelain figures. They were a shepherdess and a chimney sweep. These figures were in love.

But shepherdess' grandfather wanted to marry her to another. So, the couple run away.

They visited a toy theatre in a house. Also, the shepherdess and the chimney sweep climbed through a stove pipe on the roof. It was hard for them. The couple saw the night sky.

Later the chimney sweep and the shepherdess returned to the house. 

Shepherdess' grandfather has fallen because he wanted to run for them. He was repaired.

At the end the couple was saved.

This fairy tale was translated to different languages. There are many illustrations, movies, and cartoons about this story.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-illustration/shepherdess-chimney-sweep-sitting-on-roof-503442016

Literature. Part sixty nine.

                                           The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway.

Santiago is an old man. He is a fisherman. Santiago tried to catch fish every day. This went on for eighty four days. He couldn't catch fish in the sea.

Many people thought that Santiago was an unlucky fisherman, expect for a young boy named Manolin, who helped him. Santiago and Manolin became friends.

The fisherman meets with various difficulties and problems. Manolin always supported Santiago. The old man solved his own problems.

On the eighty-fifth day, Santiago caught a large marlin fish. But the sharks ate this fish.

Little Manolin worried for Santiago.

At the end, they were going to fish together.

This novel was translated to many languages. The book had different awards. There are movies and cartoons about this story.

Great people: Lewis Carroll.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born on January 27, 1832 in England. His parents were Charles Dodgson and Frances Jane Lutwidge.

Carroll was interested in many occupations, such as: mathematics, literature, photography, logic, and poetry. He studied in school and university.

Lewis Carroll visited different countries and cities. He met other people.

Carroll wrote his famous book Alice in Wonderland (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) (1865). This novel became popular among children.

Also, the book was translated to different languages. Many quotes from this children's novel were noted. There are illustrations and movies about this children's literary work.

Lewis Carroll died on January 14, 1898 in England.

Literature. Part sixty four.

                                             "The Tinderbox" by Hans Christian Andersen.

Once upon a time there was a soldier. He was a poor man and met a witch. The witch asked him to climb on the tree.

The soldier found three dogs. They were different. There were many coins. The poor soldier took  a lot of money. There was a tinderbox, too.

She asked the soldier to give her a tinderbox. But the soldier didn’t give it to the witch. He killed her.

The soldier became a rich person. He spent his money. Later soldier knew about princess. She was in the tower.

The fairy tinderbox helped him. One of the three dogs brought a princess. Soldier saw a sleeping princess.

He was arrested and set in a prison. The soldier was sentenced to death.

At this moment the tinderbox helped him again. The three dogs appeared. They killed king.

The soldier and the princess are married. They became king and queen.

This fairy tale was translated to many languages. There are different adaptations.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-illustration/hans-christian-andersen-vintage-engraved-illustration-359781134

Great people: Robert Burns.

Robert Burns was born on January 25, 1759, in Scotland. He wrote a lot of poems and songs. Burns used English and Scots languages for his works.

He had a litarary movement Ramanticism. Robert Burns created many poems, such as: "A Red, Red Rose", "Auld Lang Syne", "Halloween", and others.

Also, Burns was known in his country as a farmer.

In 1787 Robert Burns married Jean Armour. They had five children.

He died on July 21, 1796, in Scotland.

Literature. Part fifty seven.

                                        "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" by Hans Christian Andersen.

A boy had a birthday gift, set of toy soldiers. One of them didn't have a leg. During the night all toys in the room became alive.

Soldier with one leg fell in love with paper dancer woman. But evil goblin didn't want for them love to each other. So, because of him the tin soldier fell out of the window.

His adventures started on the street. The boys found the soldier with one leg and set him in a paper boat. Afterwards, a storm started and the soldier met the rat.

At the end the tin soldier was swallowed by a fish. But he was found and returned to the room again.

The soldier with one leg fell in the fireplace. Paper woman flew in it, too. Sad end of the fairy tale.

This fairy tale was translated to many languages. There are many cartoons and illustrations about this story.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-vector/love-steadfast-tin-soldier-100384217

Luxembourg.

Luxembourg is a small country in Europe. It borders with Belgium, Germany, and France. Country has three official languages: German, French, and Luxembourgish.

Constitutional monarchy is the type of government in Luxembourg. Square of this country is 2,586

km² .

Also, Luxembourg its own geography and history. Culture and architecture of this small country show past of Luxembourg.

Capital of Luxembourg is Luxembourg City. The country its own flag and coat of arms.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-vector/luxembourg-city-skyline-this-illustration-represents-1057639331

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-photo/national-flag-luxembourg-rectangular-shape-patriotic-1388354780

Literature. Part fifty three.

                                    The Adventures of the Little Onion by Gianni Rodari.

Little Onion or Cipollino is the main character of this book. He had several friends: Pear, Zucchini, Blueberry, Parsley, Strawberry, and Cherry.

Cipolone Cipollino's father was arrested. Because he stepped on the king's leg by accident. The Little Onion visited his father in jail.

Fruits and vegetables had conflicts with each other. Yellow Lemon was the king. Tomato was an evil and selfish person. Countesses Cherries were very rich and owned several houses. Also, they had a nephew who be friended Cipollino.

At the end Little Onion and his friends won Lemon and Tomato.

This book describes relations between the rich and the poor, freedom and rules.

There are cartoons and movies about this story. This literary work was translated to other languages.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-illustration/open-book-story-tale-cipollino-onion-511760713

Literature. Part fifty one.

                                                   "The Snow Queen" by Hans Christian Andersen.

Once upon a time evil troll created a magic mirror. Bad things became good, good things became bad in it. The mirror broke into small pieces.

Kai and Gerda were friends. They lived not far from each other.

A small piece of the magic mirror got in Kai'e eye. The boy became evil and rube.

During winter Kai disappeared. Little girl went to find the boy. At that time Kai was with the Snow Queen. His heart became ice.

Gerda met many different people on her way. They were kind and evil. But little Gerda found Kai and saved him. At the end he became kind again.

There are many illustrations, movies, and cartoons about this story. Fairy tale was translated to many languages.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-illustration/illustration-fairytale-hans-andersen-snow-queen-168824996?src=PnGEj0Aobug2ErXy-RjNwg-1-11

Literature. Part fifty.

                                                 To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee.

This novel has humorous and serious moments. The Finch family is an important part of the book. Atticus Finch is a lawyer and father of Jeremy Atticus "Jem" Finch and Jean Louise "Scout" Finch.

Main characters met with other people. Fear and hard things happened with them. Some of them even face injustice.

But people tried to understand characters in other situations.

Students read this famous novel in the school. The book was translated to many languages.

There is a movies about this story.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/bandung-indonesia-28th-january-2015-leisure-1223403268?src=cKv0ODBOPX32E8gH5VXxog-1-0

Great people: Brothers Grimm.

Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm was born on January 4, 1785 in the Holy Roman Empire. Wilhelm Karl Grimm was born on February 24, 1786 in the Holy Roman Empire.

The brothers Grimm were German writers and philologists. They wrote a lot of famous fairy tales, such as: "Hansel and Gretel", "Rapunzel", "Snow White", "Town Musicians of Bremen", "Sleeping Beaty", and etc. The Grimms' books were translated to many different languages.

There are a lot of movies and cartoons with their characters.

Jacob Luwig Karl Grimm died on September 20, 1863 in the German Confederation. Wilhelm Karl Grimm died on December 16, 1859 in the German Confederation.

History of Belgium.

Belgium is situated in Western Europe. This kingdom borders with several European countries.

The country has long and interesting history. It had wars and revolutions.

Kingdom of Belgium has several official languages.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-vector/vector-belgium-flag-illustration-picture-image-516946819?src=MJ6gfWhUmuuTpLzLfEQ9Uw-1-2



Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/flowers-along-canal-old-town-ghent-481407451?src=MJ6gfWhUmuuTpLzLfEQ9Uw-1-21



Source og image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-vector/vector-mapbelgium-country-542385703?src=MJ6gfWhUmuuTpLzLfEQ9Uw-1-65

Celts.

Celts were people who lived in Central and Western Europe. They had relationships with other civilizations, too.

These people visited neighboring places. Also, Celts had their own arts, mythology, culture, religion, laws, rules, and languages.

Timeline of Celts: beginning of Celtic culture (c. 1400 B. C. E.), Celts migrated (c. 900 B. C. E.), Iron age (c. B. C. E.-c. 600 B. C. E.), Celts settled in Iberia (600 B. C. E.), Celts defeated the Etruscans (c. 475 B. C. E.), La Tene culture (c. 450 B. C. E.), Celts entered in Italy (400 B. C. E.).

Some names of cities and countries had come from Celts. There are many things in museums about this civilization. Historians study Celtic history.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-photo/london-great-britain-september-7-2014-663966052?src=pb6CeKkiQsxwkdbszDgZJw-1-75



Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-photo/rare-archeological-find-iron-age-1038736753?src=uzpwxdAgGseGfhxvhmRoqQ-2-19

History of Australia.

Australia is situated on one continent. Before the discovery of this continent Indigenous Australians lived there. They had their own culture, mythology, languages, music, and art.

This continent is situated in the Southern Hemisphere. Climate in Australia is hot and dry. There are mountains named Australian Alps. Also, the continent is washed up by seas and oceans. Unusual animals live in this place.

When Europeans discovered Australia many things changed on the continent.

In 1901 a country named Australia appeared.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/amazing-aerial-footage-view-sydney-city-741009022?src=0SE2VUrCExgouqMUpp3_8w-1-30



Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-vector/australia-skyline-landmark-words-welcome-vector-708610447?src=0SE2VUrCExgouqMUpp3_8w-1-36



Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-vector/australia-flag-518021278?src=0SE2VUrCExgouqMUpp3_8w-1-11

Literature. Part forty one.

                                          Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne.

This is a famous sciece fiction novel. It became classic in literature. French writer Jules Verne wrote his book in XIX century.

People noticed unusual creature in the ocean. Different mass media and scientists were interested in this monster.

Professor Pierre Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned Land decided to find this creature in the ocean. So, they appeared on the submarine named Nautilus.

Also, voyagers met there Captain Nemo or Prince Dakkar. He was captain of this submarine. Characters visited many different oceans and had a lot of adventures.

Novel was translated on many languages. There are many movies and cartoons about this story.

Inca Empire.

This civilization was situated in South America. Also, Inca Empire was the biggest country in pre-Columbian America. About XI-XVI centuries people had their own laws and rules.

The Inca called their country as Tawantinsuyu in Quechua language. Timeline of Inca Empire: The Inca tribe founded the city of Cuzco (1200 A. D.), people lived in the city of Cuzco (1200-1400 A. D.), Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui became the leader of Inca, he built the city of Machu Picchu (1438 A. D.), Pachacuti's son, named Tupac Inca Yupanui, became an emperor (1471 A. D.), Emperor Tupac won the Chuma Empire and their lands (1476 A. D.), Tupac's son, Huayna Capac, became an emperor (1493 A. D.).

Empire had its own army, religion, architecture, mythology, languages, economy, and government.

Some of it is still studied by historians.

Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-vector/incas-elements-set-vector-cartoon-illustrations-293020223?src=lZYr1Q-AdKgBJK5P3BjSgw-1-7



Source of image:

https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/inca-statue-standing-high-square-cuzco-683532586?src=lZYr1Q-AdKgBJK5P3BjSgw-2-8



Source of image:

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