Blackletter.

Blackletter or Gothic script was a writing style which was used in Europe in the Middle Ages. During that time blackletter was popular.

This type of writing has its own variations.

Various texts and books were written in this font. Also, the Gothic script was written in different languages.

This font can be found on various historical places.

Blackletter has related types of writing, too.

Silk Road.

 The Silk Road was a trade way which connected China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe in ancient time and Middle Ages. The Silk Road was used to export silk from China.

This road was opened during the Han Dynasty. It ruled from 206 B. C. to 220 A. D.

The way connected different countries of the Far East, Middle East, Middle Asia, and Europe. Also, there were small routes, such as: Mesopotamia and India subcontinent, Northern Africa through Egypt.

Silk, horses, paper, spices, jade, glassware, furs, and slaves; these good were traded on the famous road.

Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, in Ancient Greece, expanded his possessions through the Silk Road.

Also, the Royal Road routes led to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Italian explorer Marco Polo used the Silk Road to travel from Italy to China. He arrived there in 1275. Marco Polo travelled by camel overland.

He returned to Italy through the Silk Road in 1295. Marco Polo wrote a book Book of the Marvels of the World or The Travels of Marco Polo. It gave better understanding of Asian culture.

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Neolithic.

 Neolithic period or the New Stone age is a part of the Stone Age. From Ancient Greek language νέος means -new and λίθος means -stone.

During this period developed different cultures. People began to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding. Also, they used stone tools as their ancestors.

Agriculture spreads across Europe. Then ceramics appeared. People started living in society.

Neolithic influenced to Bronze Age and Iron Age. Civilizations are changed.

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Neanderthals.

 Neanderthals or Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) lived about 40,000 years ago. They were spice of humans. But Neanderthals became extinct.

They inhabited different places in Eurasia. Neandertals weren't direct descendants of modern human. These ancient people had their own look and lifestyle.

The height of Neanderthals was 160-163 centimeters. But their body parts were large. The Neanderthals lived in caves. Also, they moved to different places. 

These people maybe could speak to each other. They hunted mammoths and other large animals. The Neanderthals gave birth to children.

Ancient people had their own culture, too. They wore animal skins, made fire, and tools. The Neanderthals had usual rituals.

Homo neanderthalensis had different looks. They had unique genes. The Neanderthals could mix with other spices.

But these people became extinct. There were many different reasons for this. Changing climate and rivalry with other spices are some of them.

Home sapiens had 0.3 % and 2 % genes of the Neanderthals.

Paleontologists and anthropologists study these ancient people. They found their cave drawings. There are traces of Neanderthals in Europe, Central Asia, the middle east, North Africa, and other places.

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Stairs in the house.

Cyprus, 2013.

Great people: Marco Polo.

Marco Polo was known as an Italian explorer, writer, and merchant. He was born on September 25, 1254, in Venice. His parents were Niccolo Polo and Nicole Anna Defusesh.

Marco Polo's travels were important for medieval Europe and people. He and his relatives visited many differents parts of Asia.

Their travels lasted several years. Marco Polo noticed differences between European and Asian countries. He visited other Empires and brought some things and food back.

Polo's travel showed cultures of: India, China, Japan, and etc. In Middle Ages people of the West didn't know about them.

When Marco Polo returned to Europe he wrote a book named Book of the Travels of Marco Polo (1300). Christopher Columbus was inspired by this book.

Marco Polo had a wife: Donata Badoer. They had three daughters: Fantina, Bellela, and Moretta.

Polo died on January 8, 1324, in Venice.

Europa.

Europa (Εὐρώπη) was a daughter of Agenor and Telephassa. The goddess was a Phoenician princess. She was the Cretan moon goddess. Europa was known for her abduction. She had several siblings: Phoenix, Cadmus, and Cilix.

God Zeus kidnapped Europa when she played with her friends on the shore. He became a bull and abducted Europa.

Also, Europa had several children: Minos, Rhadamanthys, Crete, Sarpedon, Alagonia, and Carnus. Europa's husband was Asterion.

There are many paintings and statues about Europa.

Great people: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, Salzburg, the Holy Roman Empire.

Since early childhood composer played music. Also, he visited other countries of Europe. Mozart wrote many famous compositions, such as: Don Giovvanni, Ckarinet Concerto, Piano Sonata № 16. This music became classical.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died on December 5, 1791, in Vienna, the Holy Roman Empire.

Luxembourg.

Luxembourg is a small country in Europe. It borders with Belgium, Germany, and France. Country has three official languages: German, French, and Luxembourgish.

Constitutional monarchy is the type of government in Luxembourg. Square of this country is 2,586

km² .

Also, Luxembourg its own geography and history. Culture and architecture of this small country show past of Luxembourg.

Capital of Luxembourg is Luxembourg City. The country its own flag and coat of arms.

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Liechtenstein.

Liechtenstein is a European country. It situated between Switzerland and Astria. Vaduz is a capital of Principality of Leichtenstein. Official language is German.

This country has its own government and history. Area of Liechtenstein is 160 km2. The Alps are situated in this European country. Also, there are forests and fields. Principality of Liechtenstein has a temperate climate.

European microstate had own symbols, such as: flag, anthem, and emblem. Liechtenstein has its own culture. Castles and music are part of it.

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 https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-vector/liechtenstein-map-on-world-flag-white-1165006261



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History of Monaco.

Monaco is situated in Western Europe. Contry borders with France. Also, French is the official language in Monaco.

Constitutonal monarchy is a type of government in this country. American actress Grace Kelly was a princess there.

Now Principality of Monaco has popular places.

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Literature. Part forty nine.

                                       The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo.

This novel is about the Middle Ages in Europe. Many historic things are described in it.

Main characters had a lot of relations in the book. Esmeralda is a street dancer and she wanted to find her family. Quasimodo has a hunchback and is deaf. He is a bell ringer. Pierre Gringoire is a poet and philosopher.

Good and bad moments happened with people. Characters saved, loved, and found each other.

At the end Esmeralda and Quasimodo died.

Novel describes medieval France and Gothic architecture. There are many paintings, cartoons, movies about this story.

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Celts.

Celts were people who lived in Central and Western Europe. They had relationships with other civilizations, too.

These people visited neighboring places. Also, Celts had their own arts, mythology, culture, religion, laws, rules, and languages.

Timeline of Celts: beginning of Celtic culture (c. 1400 B. C. E.), Celts migrated (c. 900 B. C. E.), Iron age (c. B. C. E.-c. 600 B. C. E.), Celts settled in Iberia (600 B. C. E.), Celts defeated the Etruscans (c. 475 B. C. E.), La Tene culture (c. 450 B. C. E.), Celts entered in Italy (400 B. C. E.).

Some names of cities and countries had come from Celts. There are many things in museums about this civilization. Historians study Celtic history.

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History of Netherlands.

Netherlands is situated in Northwestern Europe. This country is known for flowers, such as tulips, windmills, and cycling.

Netherlands has an interesting history. Little country took part in wars and revolutions. Conflicts were different. Holland fought with neighborhood countries, too. 

Also, in Netherlands there are many museums about history. People visit this country often.

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Elizabethan era.

Elizabethan era was an important for history. Many different events happened during this period.

Queen Elizabeth I of England was coronated on January 15, 1559. Also, Elizabethan era was called a golden age. Because culture development during this era.

Big dresses and collars were very fashionable during this historian period.

Travellers found new lands in the world. England had conflicts with other countries, too. New things about religion appeared.

Elizabeth I died on March 24, 1603. Queen's nephew became king after her.

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Sport.

Sport is an important part of our life. It's about physical and/or intellectual abilities.

Phycal education is an important lesson. Children can run, have exercises, play in sport games. Also, this lesson is very needs for good health.

Sport is often talked about on television. There are many types of sport such as: tennis, football, figure skating, basketball, gymnastics, and etc. Each of them has its own rules and equipment.

Countries have competitions between each other. Especially during Olymoic Games and FIFA World Cup. One country or Europe has competitions in sport games.

Every sport can be interesting.

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French Revolution.

French Revolution was an important period for France since May 5, 1789 to November 9, 1799.

Many things changed in this country. Timeline of the French Revolution: The Revolution Begins (1789), the Rise of Political Clubs (1790), Fight the Royal Family (1791), Defeat the monarchy (1792), Trial of Louis XVI (1793), Robespierre os overthrown (1794), The Directory Changes the Convention (1795), Fail uprising in Paris (1796), Cisalpine Republic is established (1797), Battle of the Nile (1798), Napoleon leaves Egypt (1799).

Also, in this time appeared famous phrase "Let them eat cake" by Queen Marie Antoinette.

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Age of Discovery.

Age of Discovery, also known as Age of Exploration began from XV to XVII centuries. On this period people did a lot of discoveries in other continents.

Christopher Columbusreached the New World in 1492. It was a very important for history. Many years later people found new land in the world. People wanted to find goods for themselves.

Every country of the New World has its own history.

Italian explorer Marco Polo visited China in XIII century. He saw another civilization in the world. He found new things in this country. So, new foods and things from China appeared in  Europe, such as: ice cream, crane, noodle, and etc.

Maps have changed after discoveries of new countries. Ships were needed and important for marine voyages.

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Winter and Summer in Finland.